As part of the settlement in the click-fraud case - Lane’s Gifts v. Google, Google had agreed to have an independent expert examine click-fraud detection methods, policies, practices, and procedures and make a determination of whether or not Google have implemented reasonable measures to protect their advertisers.做为和解的一部分，在点击欺诈案-里的礼物五，在G oogle， G oogle已同意有一名独立专家，研究点击欺诈的侦测方法，政策，做法和程序，并作出裁决，是否或不是G oogle已实施合理的措施来保护他们的广告客户。

The那个 47-page report 47页的调查报告 , by Dr. Alexander Tuzhilin, Professor of Information Systems at NYU was filed with the court in Texarkana, Arkansas, today. ，博士亚历山大tuzhilin ，教授，信息系统在纽约大学是法庭提交在特克萨卡纳，阿肯色，今天。 It concludes that “Google’s efforts to combat click fraud are reasonable”.它得出结论认为， “ Google的努力，打击欺诈点击是合理的” 。 He also explains the fundamental problem with automatically and algorithmically detecting click-fraud.他还解释，根本的问题自动检测和algorithmically点击欺诈行为。

All the conceptual definitions of invalid clicks assume human intent.所有的概念的定义，无效点击承担人类的意图。 This means that none of these definitions can be operationalized in the sense that invalid click detection methods can be developed that would algorithmically identify invalid and only invalid clicks satisfying these definitions.这意味着所有这些定义可操作性，在意义上的无效点击的检测方法可以发展将algorithmically找出无效的和无效点击，只有满足这些定义。 This is the fundamental problem of invalid clicks that makes click fraud a difficult problem to solve.这是最根本的问题的无效点击，使点击欺诈的一个难题要解决。

In the absence of a conceptual operationalizable definition of invalid clicks, an alternative approach is to use operational definitions of invalid clicks that can be of the following form:在缺乏一个概念的定义operationalizable无效点击，另一种做法是使用业务的定义，无效点击，可以对以下形式：

  • Anomaly-based (or Deviation-from-the-norm-based).基于异常（或偏差-从- -范为基础的） 。 A click or a group of clicks is invalid if its behavior significantly deviates from the normal behavior, where normal behavior is established based on the average day-to-day activities.点击或一组的点击是无效的，如果其行为显着偏离正常的行为，如果行为是正常的基础上，建立了平均每天的活动。
  • Rule-based.以规则为基础的。 A click or a group of clicks is invalid if it satisfies certain conditions defined by human experts.点击或一组的点击是无效的，如果符合某些条件所界定的人权专家。 These experts can be either local experts from Google or some global standardization committees that collectively develop rule-based standards of invalid clicks.这些专家可以是本地的专家从Google或一些全球标准化委员会集体发展以规则为基础的标准，无效点击。
  • Classifier-based.分类为基础的。 A click is invalid if a data mining classifier labels it as “invalid.” This labeling is done based on the past data about valid and invalid clicking activities used for “training” the classifier to decide which clicks are (in)valid.点击是无效的，如果数据挖掘分类标签为“无效” ，这是做了标记的基础上，过去的数据，有效和无效点击活动，用于“训练”分类，以决定哪些点击是（在）有效。

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On Google’s method: Google的方法：

Google has built the following four ‘lines of defense’ for detecting invalid clicks: pre-filtering, online filtering, automated offline detection and manual offline detection, in that order. Google已经建成了以下四个'道防线'检测无效点击：预滤波，在线过滤，离线自动检测和手动离线检测，在这秩序。 Google deploys different detection methods in each of these stages: the rule-based and anomaly-based approaches in the pre-filtering and the filtering stages, the combination of all the three approaches in the automated offline detection stage, and the anomaly-based approach in the offline manual inspection stage. Google的部署不同的检测方法，在每一个阶段：以规则为基础的和基于异常的方法，在预过滤和筛选阶段，结合所有三种方法，在离线自动检测阶段，和基于异常的方法在离线手册检查阶段。 This deployment of different methods in different stages gives Google an opportunity to detect invalid clicks using alternative techniques and thus increases their chances of detecting more invalid clicks in one of these stages, preferably proactively in the early stages.这一部署不同的方法，在不同阶段为Google提供了一个机会，以检测无效点击使用替代技术，从而增加了他们的机会，更多的检测无效点击在其中的阶段，最好是积极主动地在早期阶段。

I think we need a radical technological solution to the problem instead of best-effort approach Google is taking in order to completely eliminate click-fraud problems.我认为我们需要一个激进的技术解决问题而不是最好的办法，努力Google是在考虑，以彻底消除点击欺诈问题。 I am playing with some ideas on this front.我玩的一些想法在这方面。 However even with their limitations Google AdWords provide the best ROI for most businesses.不过，即使有其局限性的Google AdWords ，提供最佳的投资回报率对于大多数企业。